Python
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Modern computers are equipped with processors that allow fast parallel computation at several levels: Vector or array operations, which allow to execute similar operations simultaneously on a bunch of data, and parallel computing, which allows to distribute data chunks on several CPU cores and process them in parallel. When working with large amounts of data, it is important to know how to exploit these features because this can reduce computation time drastically. Taking advantage of this usually requires some extra effort during implementation. With packages like NumPy and Python’s multiprocessing module the additional work is manageable and usually pays off when compared to the enormous waiting time that you may need when doing large-scale calculations inefficiently.
Web scraping, i.e. automated data mining from websites, usually involves fetching a web page’s HTML document, parsing it, extracting the required information, and optionally follow links within this document to other web pages to repeat this process. This approach is sufficient for many websites that display information in a static way, i.e. do not respond to user interaction dynamically by the means of JavaScript. In these cases, web scraping can be implemented with Python packages such as requests and BeautifulSoup. Even interactive elements such as forms can be emulated by observing the HTTP POST and GET data that is send to the server, whenever a form is submitted. However, this approach has limits. Sometimes, it is necessary to automate a whole browser in order to implement web scraping on JavaScript-heavy websites as will be shown with a short example in this post.
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