There are thousands of articles on the web about web scraping and accessing web APIs. Most of them show you how to extract information from specific elements on a web page or how to communicate with a specific API in order to collect data. For smaller data collection projects, this knowledge may be sufficient, but large scale data collection which must run reliably over days or even weeks brings up additional problems that mainly focus on the robustness of the data collection process. I will try to tackle some of these problems in this post. I will use examples in Python, but the basic concepts can easily be translated to R or other programming languages.
Read More →Spiegel Online news topics and COVID-19 – a topic modeling approach
I created a project to showcase topic modeling with the tmtoolkit Python package: I use a corpus of articles from the German online news website Spiegel Online (SPON) to create a topic model for before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This topic model is then used to analyze the volume of media coverage regarding the pandemic and how it changed over time.
National daily infection numbers clearly drive the volume of media coverage on COVID-19 during the observation period (January 2020 to end of August 2020) on SPON, which is probably not very surprising. Even though infection rates increased dramatically in the world in summer 2020 (e.g. in Brazil, India and USA), media coverage first decreased and then stayed at a moderate level, indicating that SPON doesn’t respond so much to rising infection rates at an international level.
You can have a look at the report here. All scripts are available in the GitHub repository.
Using Google Places data to analyze changes in mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, it’s apparent that location data gathered by private IT companies and telcos is a primary source for many studies about the effect of mobility restrictions on people’s behaviors and movements. In this blog post, I’d like to have a look at the “popular times” data provided by Google Places. I explain the limitations of this data, show how to gather it and provide some results from data that I fetched during March and April.
Read More →Property based testing for scientific code in Python
Automated software testing starts with the often annoying and time-consuming process of writing tests. But no matter how annoying it is, in the end it always pays off, at least that’s my experience. For this article, I assume that the reader acknowledges the importance of automated software testing, because I would like to point to a way on how to write better tests in less time by using property based testing.
Read More →Lab report: Development of school sites in eastern Germany
I wanted to share a small lab report on a project about the development of school sites in eastern Germany since 1992. Rita Nikolai (HU Berlin), Marcel Helbig (WZB) and I published our results a few months ago (see this WZB Discussion Paper or this WZBrief), but I’d like to provide some additional information on the (technical) background in this post as this was not the aim of the mentioned papers.
Checkboxes and crosses: data mining PDFs with the help of image processing
From time to time, I work with “open data” published by public authorities. Often, these data do not deserve the label “open data” and this is mainly because they are provided as PDF files. PDFs are not machine readable, at least not without lot of programming work. I don’t know if this way of publishing data is done on purpose (because authorities are requested to publish open data but they do not want it to be actually analyzed in large scale) or if it is sheer ignorance.
For a recent project I came across a particular nasty type of PDFs: Scores from a school inspection are listed in a large table where each score is marked with a cross (see a full PDF for such a school inspection):
While most data can be extracted from PDF by converting them to a plain text representation, this is not possible for such PDFs. This is because the most important information, the scores, is not existent in the plain text representation of the PDF. The crosses that mark the score are essentially vector-graphics embedded in the PDF. In this article I will explain how to extract such information.
Tools and packages for geospatial processing with Python
In the social sciences, geospatial data appears quite often. You may have social indicators for different places on earth at different administrative levels, e.g. countries, states or municipalities. Or you may study spatial distribution of hospitals or schools in a given area, or visualize GPS referenced data from an experiment. For such scenarios, there’s fortunately a rich supply of open-source tools and packages. As I’ve worked recently quite a lot with geospatial data, I want to introduce some of this software, especially those available for the Python programming language.
Slides on practical Topic Modeling: Preparation, evaluation, visualization
I gave a presentation on Topic Modeling from a practical perspective*, using data about the proceedings of plenary sessions of the 18th German Bundestag as provided by offenesparlament.de. The presentation covers preparation of the text data for Topic Modeling, evaluating models using a variety of model quality metrics and visualizing the complex distributions in the models. You can have a look at the slides here:
The source code of the example project is available on GitHub. It shows how to perform the preprocessing and model evaluation steps with Python using tmtoolkit. The models can be inspected using PyLDAVis and some (exemplary) analyses on the data are performed.
* This presentation builds up on a first session on the theory behind Topic Modeling
Creating and plotting Voronoi regions for geographic data with geovoronoi
Recently, I’ve worked a lot with geospatial data in Python. One thing that we needed for our analysis was generating Voronoi regions (or “cells”) from a given set of coordinates inside certain administrative boundaries (a country, a state, etc.). Such regions are interesting for spatial analysis, because each random point inside a Voronoi region is closest to the cell’s “origin point” (the point the cell was generated from) than to any other cell’s origin. As a practical example: In Melbourne parents can see which is the closest school for their home, by looking at an online map of Voronoi regions of schools.
These regions allow to calculate an estimate of a “coverage”: For each point’s Voronoi region, the area can be calculated, which represents the area theoretically covered by this point. Referring to the Melbourne example: The schools at the edge of the city cover a larger area than those in the city center. This approach of course does not take geographic properties into account. So if there’s a large lake inside a cell, it is also part of the covered area. Still, Voronoi tessellation is useful when looking at how the shape of the Voronoi regions changes over time, for example when new schools open or others close. We could then see for example, if the coverage of schools in the city center becomes better over the years, whereas in the rural areas it gets more sparse.
So all in all, Voronoi regions can be a very useful tool in spatial data analysis. QGIS provides a tool for Voronoi tessellation but we needed a more flexible approach that also fit into our workflow and could be used in our Python scripts. I decided to write a small Python package named geovoronoi that takes a set of points, a boundary object (the geographic shape enclosing the points – e.g. a country boundary) and then calculates the Voronoi regions using SciPy. These regions are then “cut” to the enclosing shape (using the excellent shapely package). The resulting Voronoi cells can then be used for further calculations (areas, distances, unions, etc.) and can also be visualized on a map.
The package geovoronoi is now available on PyPI (install it with pip install geovoronoi[plotting]) and the source is uploaded on the WZB’s GitHub page.
Vectorization and parallelization in Python with NumPy and Pandas
Modern computers are equipped with processors that allow fast parallel computation at several levels: Vector or array operations, which allow to execute similar operations simultaneously on a bunch of data, and parallel computing, which allows to distribute data chunks on several CPU cores and process them in parallel. When working with large amounts of data, it is important to know how to exploit these features because this can reduce computation time drastically. Taking advantage of this usually requires some extra effort during implementation. With packages like NumPy and Python’s multiprocessing module the additional work is manageable and usually pays off when compared to the enormous waiting time that you may need when doing large-scale calculations inefficiently.